La planète devient de plus en plus verte… les déserts reculent
par Patrice Gibertie
C’est dans les zones arides que ce verdissement mondial est le plus visible et qu’il a le plus d’impact sur les écosystèmes et la vie des populations qui en dépendent.
Une évaluation réalisée en 2020 par Evans et Arden Burrell, chercheur en télédétection au Woodwell Climate Research Center de Falmouth, dans le Massachusetts, a révélé qu’environ 6% des zones arides avaient connu une désertification depuis 1982, soit seulement un quart des estimations précédentes basées sur les conditions météorologiques. Ces zones comprenaient une grande partie du sud-ouest des États-Unis, le nord-est du Brésil, sujet à la sécheresse, et certaines régions d’Asie centrale.
Mais Evans et Burrell ont découvert que le verdissement était beaucoup plus important qu’on ne le pensait jusqu’alors, et plus de trois fois plus important que la désertification. Il concernait 41% des zones arides de la planète, de l’Inde au Sahel africain et du nord de la Chine au sud-est de l’Australie.
L’année dernière, Guolong Zhang et ses collègues de l’Université de Lanzhou en Chine ont signalé une divergence globale entre l’aridité et la surface foliaire dans les zones arides au cours des trois dernières décennies. Zhang explique que la raison de ce «découplage» réside dans «l’effet fertilisant du CO2».
Prenons l’exemple de la région du Sahel, à la lisière sud du désert du Sahara. La croissance de la végétation a bénéficié de l’augmentation du CO2 présent dans l’atmosphère. Mais la région a également connu le retour des pluies après les sécheresses dévastatrices des années 1970 et 1980.
Le monde a eu tort de s’attendre à ce que le changement climatique déclenche une désertification rapide et généralisée dans les zones arides de la planète. En fait, c’est l’inverse qui se produit.
source : Patrice Gibertie
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